7th Class Social Studies - Semester 2

The Social Studies Text Book for Class - VII (Semester - II), published by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh. The book was first published in 2021.The textbook is divided into lessons across six themes, with twelve lessons in total. The table of contents for Semester-II includes six lessons:

• Lesson 1: Mughal Empire (November, Pages 1-15)

• Lesson 2: Bhakthi - Sufi (December, Pages 16-26)

• Lesson 3: Indian Constitution - an Introduction (January, Pages 27-41)

• Lesson 4: State Government (February, Pages 42-55)

• Lesson 5: Road Safety Education (March, Pages 56-66)

• Lesson 6: Markets Around Us (April, Pages 67-80)

Key Information from the Lessons:

• Mughal Empire: Babur founded the empire in 1526 C.E. by defeating Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat. The rulers covered are Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, and Aurangzeb. Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system for rank, salary, and military responsibilities. The empire declined after Aurangzeb's death, with Bahadur Shah-II being the last ruler.

• Bhakti - Sufi: The Bhakti movement reached prominence in the 8th century and spread across India, emphasizing devotion, universal brotherhood, and equality. Notable saints include Adi Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya, Madhwacharya, Kabir, Mirabai, and Guru Nanak. Sufism, a socio-religious movement in Islam, emphasized universal love, simplicity, and a single God (Wahdat-ul-Wujud).

• Indian Constitution: The Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949, and came into force on January 26, 1950. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee and is regarded as the "Father of the Indian Constitution". The Constitution is the lengthiest written constitution and includes Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, and Directive Principles of State Policy. The Fundamental Duties were added in 1976 through the 42nd Amendment and were taken from the Russian constitution.

• State Government: The three organs of the State Government are the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. The Governor is the constitutional head, and the Chief Minister is the actual executive authority. The Legislature, which enacts laws, comprises the Governor, Legislative Assembly, and Legislative Council. The High Court is the highest judicial organ at the state level.